The function of modern international law as a right that "primarily regulates the relations between nations" (1), can be adequately described by its policy areas are differentiated from the "classical" international law. This distinction can extend a hand, quantitatively, on the other hand, the position of States in international law and reflect their appeal to the sovereignty.
first The control areas of the classical international law
The subject matter of international public law in the classical international law of the European countries dominated network of international relations. The totality of these interconnected subjects of international law defines the international legal literature as either a society of states or as a legal community in the sense that that jurisdiction's members were united in not organized by basic common law convictions. The category of the society of states referred to throughout to the concept of the State of here "as the highest effective, territorially limited to corporate-Lich written decision and action unit represented by the (nearly) the only basic unit in the international structure of relationships" (2). The primary subject of international law of the classical international law was therefore the territorial state, whose strong position "in the overriding importance of the principle of sovereignty" showed "that was understood not only as a legal guarantee of territorial integrity, but also as a guarantee of the freedom of States" ( 3). As an essential element of this freedom was the free legal warfare considered, the appealed especially the major powers and which they used also to maintain the existing power structure of European society of states. The corresponding expression for understanding this right was the political jus ad bellum , with the sovereign state justified the war as a means to achieve political objectives could. A breach of the law of belligerent state was thus excluded. To this law, which regards economic and cultural orientations and problems was not neutral, contain, understand the society of states, international law increasingly as a means of constitutional order. In this sense, international law does not only freien Welthandel und den kulturellen Austausch zwischen den Staaten schützen, wie auch die damit zusammenhängenden „Aufgaben einer Regelung der Einflusssphären in und der Beziehung zu den außereuropäischen Räumen“(4) erfüllen. Es sollte generell dazu dienen, Konflikte zwischen den Völkerrechtssubjekten zu vermeiden. Seinem Wesen nach bestand das klassische Völkerrecht damit überwiegend aus „negativen“ Verbots-Normen, mit denen die Rechtsgemeinschaft die Territorialstaaten in ihrem Machtstreben positiv zu beein-flussen respektive zu lenken hoffte. Durch die weitere Vervollkommnung der Militärtechnologie und einer „Verschärfung der imperialistischen Tendenzen der Großmächte“ It finally came to the "paralysis of the ability of the European state system to cope with the occurring conflicts" (5). With the development of international standards (the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 over the war and humanitarian law and in 1907 about the war and the prohibition of force), which were designed to prevent an adverse behavior of all in war situations involved subjects of international law, the legal community tried in vain to overcome the crisis .
second The control areas of modern international law
During the 19th Set of the first century Universalisierungstendenzen An international law. A particular feature of this development were a) the 'extension of the geographical expansion of the international system ", b) a broader international cooperation in the technological field, and c) the" incipient global takeover of the European Public Performances (6). This was associated with the appearance of new actors, international organizations, first, which caused a shift of formerly purely domestic affairs at the international level. "As international organizations are increasingly perceived functions that directly affect the fate of populations and individuals, it was only a matter of time before the individual neben Staaten und internationalen Organisationen als Akteur im internationalen System ins Blickfeld rückte.“(7) Erste Ansätze sind zum Beispiel in der Charta des Zentralamerikanischen Gerichtshofes von 1907 zu erkennen.
Obwohl die katastrophalen Erfahrungen des I. Weltkrieges in breiten Kreisen der Weltbevölkerung zu der Einsicht führte, dass sich so etwas nicht wiederholen dürfe, waren die Konsequenzen auf internationaler Ebene sehr dürftig. Eine Neubegründung des Völkerrechts fand nicht statt. Die internationalen Friedensbemühungen waren machtpolitischen Bestrebungen der führenden Staaten untergeordnet, was unter juristischen Gesichtspunkten überwiegend zu einer Erhaltung des Status quo führte. Gleichwohl they led to a ban of the jus ad bellum . What, therefore, to emerge with the prevention of war rights of the Covenant and the failure of the Geneva Protocol has already started learned the Briand-Kellogg Pact his premature international finale.
Only with the prosecution and sentencing of war criminals by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg 1945/1946 there was a revolutionary change in international law. Thus, the "Nuremberg principles is a necessary and best step in the development of international law as a right of states to a right of peoples" are. (8)
The subject of international law Regelungen im modernen Völkerrecht ist nunmehr ein internationales System, d.h. eine universelle Staatengesellschaft (oder -gemeinschaft), die „darüber hinaus von dem Aufkommen zusätzlicher Teilnehmer am internationalen Verkehr - wie die internationalen Organisationen, das Individuum und andere, körperschaftlich organisierte, öffentliche und private Einheiten – gekennzeichnet ist“(9). Inwiefern das moderne Völkerrecht sich vom klassischen unterscheidet, betont der Jurist Gerd Seidel:
„Da in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte die Berufung auf die Souveränität als Mittel der Abgrenzung der Staaten untereinander eine wesentlich größere Rolle als heute spielte, waren deutlich more internal issues, for the sole control by the national law and thus subject to be inadequate for an international agreement. Today, however, the international law open to the range of questions is endless. This means there are only a limited number of issues that states are not willing to submit to an international legal regime. These areas look at the states as a matter of solely internal affairs. They should be recorded not exhaustive, because its size depends on the historical development of both the discretion of individual states. "(10)
The new international law by" characterized positive "requirement standards, ie in the foreground the respect of the international system of rules is set by the subjects of international law. In addition to the preservation of peace and ensure Convention rights to every single person gets the protection of the ecosystem an increasingly larger role within the international law. Thus, the unrestricted exploitation and uncontrolled consumption of resources within the state limits. Another element that is increasingly a result of the globalization of weight within the international law, social and economic instruments of power and the wealth gap to help reduce.
Obwohl die katastrophalen Erfahrungen des I. Weltkrieges in breiten Kreisen der Weltbevölkerung zu der Einsicht führte, dass sich so etwas nicht wiederholen dürfe, waren die Konsequenzen auf internationaler Ebene sehr dürftig. Eine Neubegründung des Völkerrechts fand nicht statt. Die internationalen Friedensbemühungen waren machtpolitischen Bestrebungen der führenden Staaten untergeordnet, was unter juristischen Gesichtspunkten überwiegend zu einer Erhaltung des Status quo führte. Gleichwohl they led to a ban of the jus ad bellum . What, therefore, to emerge with the prevention of war rights of the Covenant and the failure of the Geneva Protocol has already started learned the Briand-Kellogg Pact his premature international finale.
Only with the prosecution and sentencing of war criminals by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg 1945/1946 there was a revolutionary change in international law. Thus, the "Nuremberg principles is a necessary and best step in the development of international law as a right of states to a right of peoples" are. (8)
The subject of international law Regelungen im modernen Völkerrecht ist nunmehr ein internationales System, d.h. eine universelle Staatengesellschaft (oder -gemeinschaft), die „darüber hinaus von dem Aufkommen zusätzlicher Teilnehmer am internationalen Verkehr - wie die internationalen Organisationen, das Individuum und andere, körperschaftlich organisierte, öffentliche und private Einheiten – gekennzeichnet ist“(9). Inwiefern das moderne Völkerrecht sich vom klassischen unterscheidet, betont der Jurist Gerd Seidel:
„Da in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte die Berufung auf die Souveränität als Mittel der Abgrenzung der Staaten untereinander eine wesentlich größere Rolle als heute spielte, waren deutlich more internal issues, for the sole control by the national law and thus subject to be inadequate for an international agreement. Today, however, the international law open to the range of questions is endless. This means there are only a limited number of issues that states are not willing to submit to an international legal regime. These areas look at the states as a matter of solely internal affairs. They should be recorded not exhaustive, because its size depends on the historical development of both the discretion of individual states. "(10)
The new international law by" characterized positive "requirement standards, ie in the foreground the respect of the international system of rules is set by the subjects of international law. In addition to the preservation of peace and ensure Convention rights to every single person gets the protection of the ecosystem an increasingly larger role within the international law. Thus, the unrestricted exploitation and uncontrolled consumption of resources within the state limits. Another element that is increasingly a result of the globalization of weight within the international law, social and economic instruments of power and the wealth gap to help reduce.
(1) Delbrück, p. 26
(2) Delbrück, p. 3
(3) Delbrück, p. 7
(4) Delbrück, p. 8
(5) Delbrück, p. 8
(6) Delbrück, p. 9
(7) Delbrück, p. 10
(8) Preuss, p. 45
(9) Delbrück, p. 1
(10) Seidel, p. 31
literature
- Buchheit, Eva: The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 - Power politics and peace efforts, Diss ad phil?. D. Fac Univ. Cologne, Münster 1995th
- Delbrück, Jost / Wolfrum, Rüdiger: International Law, 2nd Edition, Berlin / New York 1989th
- Laun, Rudolf (ed.): The Hague Convention - The Convention about the laws and customs of war on land. Text with an introduction, 3rd Ed Wolfenbüttel / Hannover 1947th
- Kimminich, Otto / Hobe, Stephan: Introduction to International Law, 7 Ed Tübingen / Basel 2000
- Preuß, Ulrich K.: state crime and political justice, In: Hirsch, Martin Paech, Norman / Stuby, Gerhard (ed.): Politics as a crime - 40 years, "Nuremberg Trials", Hamburg 1986th
- Seidel, Gerd: The international legal order in the 21st Century, In: Journal of International Law 38 (2000), p. 23 - 47
